ATOMIC THEORY AND PRACTICE
abbreviating programs 73
ABS function 24, 143, 163
absolute addressing 118
absolute,X addressing 119
absolute,Y addressing 119
accounting 13
accumulator (A) 98
A register 122
accuracy loss of 13
ACK code 131
acknowledgements 1
ACS function 163
actions in flowcharts 21
ADC instruction 98, 181
add (+) operator 158
adding two-byte numbers in
assembler 101
address memory 96
addressing modes 118
modes permitted 181
addressing modes:
absolute 118
absolute,X 119
absolute,Y 119
immediate 103, 118
indexed 117, 119
indirect 120
post-indexed indirect 121
pre-indexed indirect 121
zero-page 119
zero,X 120
zero,Y 120
advanced graphics 79
algorithm Euclid's 35
AND (&) operator 15, 158
connective 30, 143
instruction 113, 182
Animals program 70
animated graphics 85
APPEND equivalent 142
appending text 142
apple tart recipe 20
Arbitrary Precision Powers
program 55
arbitrary-precision arithmetic
47, 55
arrays AA to ZZ 45
assigning to 46
dimensioning a5
floating-point 161
in BASIC 45
multi-dimensional 50
of strings 62, 63
subscript checking for 50
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ASCII code for characters 59, 131
ASL instruction 115, 182
ASN function 163
assembler 99
compared with BASIC 95
delimiters ([ and ]) 171
formats 181
listing 100, 171
mnemonics 181
program 99
programming 95
syntax definition 202
assembly conditional 175
in-line 178
listing suppressing 173
two-pass 172
assigning to arrays 46
assignment (=) operator 12
string 58
asterisk (*) in COS commands 139
at (0) symbol 103, 118, 156
ATN function 163
backspace 132
backward references 172
baffled what to do if 91
base sixteen 96
ten 96
BASIC calculating in 11
characters and operators 155
compared with assembler 95
language 11
BASIC program writing a 23
BASIC statements, functions, and
commands 143
syntax definition 199
BCC instruction 106, 182
BCS instruction 106, 182
BELL code 132
BEQ instruction 106, 182
BGET function 68, 144
binary conversion to 112
digits 111
notation 111
bistables 111
bit high-order 112
BIT instruction 183
bit least-significant 112
low-order 112
most-significant 112
bits 111
bleep 6, 132
Bleep program 114
bleep routine 125
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Block Move program 178
block zero RAM 168
RAM locations 194
blocks file 10
BMI instruction 183
BNE instruction 106, 183
bounds of array or vector 92
BPL instruction 183
BPUT statement 67, 144
brackets 156
in BASIC programs 74
branches conditional 106
break flag 122
BREAK key 6
BRK instruction 174, 183
BS code 132
Bulls & Cows program 127
BVC instruction 183
BVS instruction 184
byte 98
indirection (?) operator 53,
158
byte vectors 53
dimensioning 53
bytes 112
for program free 24
calculating in BASIC 11
calculations fixed-point 13
floating-point 161
with money 13
Calculator program 137
call by reference using vectors
54
calls operating-system 192
CAN code 132
cancel 132, 155
carry flag 101, 108, 122
cassette database on 70
input from 68
interface setting up 8
operating system 139
output to 67
saving data on 68
cassette-interface signals 194
CAT command 9, 139
central processing unit 98
CH function 59, 97, 144
changing memory locations 15, 97
text spaces 135
character codes 134
extraction 59
return 59
character set 134
characters ASCII code for 59, 131
internal representation 97
inverted 131
printing special 64
Chequebook-Balancing program 39
circle of random hex characters
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84
CLC instruction 98, 184
CLD instruction 184
clear screen 6
CLEAR statement 28, 79, 144, 167
CLI instruction 184
clock plot 87
Clock program 85
CLV instruction 184
CMP instruction 109, 184
co-routines 42
codes control 65
cursor-movement 65
error 205
screen control 65
Coleridge 7
colour graphics 88, 167
COLOUR statement 167
comma (,) separator 156
in PRINT statement 12, 75
command abbreviations 73
commands 7
commands:
LIST 7, 149
LOAD 9, 135, 139, 149
NEW 7, 149
OLD 7
comments in assembler 172
in BASIC 24
compare in assembler 109
macro 178
concatenation of strings 61
conditional assembly 175
branches 106
conditions in BASIC 28
conjunctions AND and OR 30
connecting up 3
connections to ATOM 2
connectives:
AND 30, 143
OR 150
STEP 34, 153
THEN 30, 74, 153
TO 153
contents memory 96
control codes 65
control codes:
ACK 131
BELL 132
BS 132
CAN 132
CR 132
ESC 132
ETX 131
FF 132
HT 132
LF 132
NAK 132
RS 132
SI 132
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_212_
SO 132
STX 131
control variable in assembler 109
in NEXT statement 75
conversion Arabic to Roman
numerals 123
decimal to hexadecimal 96
hexadecimal to decimal 96
number-to-string 163
string-to-number 165
temperature 23
to binary 112
coordinates graphics 27
COPY key 133
COS 139
COS commands:
CAT 9, 139
FLOAD 141
LOAD 139, 140
MON 141
NOMON 141
RUN 141
SAVE 139, 140
COS errors 142
function 163
COS messages disable 141
enable 141
COUNT function 145
counting in assembler 109
in flowcharts 19
CPU 98
CPX instruction 109, 184
CPY instruction 109, 185
CR code 132
CRC Signature program 93
CTRL (control) key 6, 194
key 140
Cubic Curve program 32
cursor 3
home 132
turn on/off 16
cursor-movement codes 65
curve Sierpinski 81
Curve Stitching in a Square
program 34
curve stitching in 4 colours 88
curve three-dimensional 84
Cycloid program 166
DATA equivalent 63
data on cassette saving 68
Data to Cassette program 68
data types of 67
database on cassette 70
Day of Week program 62
debugging in assembler 176
DEC instruction 185
decimal mode flag 122
to hexadecimal conversion 96
decisions in flowcharts 18
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decoding 60
DEG function 164
delay random 38
DELETE key 6
deleting lines 7
delimiter statement 14
demonstration programs 4
DEX instruction 108, 185
DEY instruction 108, 185
Dice Tossing program 27
Digital Clock program 37
Waveform Processing program 48
DIM in assembler 99, 105
statement 45, 57, 145
dimensioning arrays 45
byte vectors 53
strings 57
disable COS messages 141
divide (/) operator 11, 158
DO statement 145
DO...UNTIL loop 34
double quote (") delimiter 155
DRAW statement 28, 80, 145
drawing lines 28
ear 113
editing screen 132
text 7
eight queens problem 44
Eight Queens program 44
enable COS messages 141
Encoder/Decoder program 60
encoding 60
END statement 145
EOR instruction 113, 185
equal (=) operator 29, 58, 158
equality string 58
equation root of 41
error codes 205
handler 137
ERROR message 8, 174
errors
COS 142
floating-point 205
logical 91
NAME 10
SUM 10
syntax 91
tape 10
trapping 137
ESC code 132
key 7, 24, 106
escape 132, 155
ETX code 131
Euclid's algorithm 35
examining memory locations 97
examples graphics 81
exclusive-OR (:) operator 15, 158
execute file load and 141
executing machine-code 173
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_213_
stored text 23
execution speed maximising 75
expansion memory 168
exponent 162
expression 143
EXT function 145
extension floating-point ROM 161
extraction character 59
factor 143
false logical value 31
Farenheit to Celsius program 23
faster FOR...NEXT loops 76
faults hardware 92
RAM memory 92
ROM memory 92
FDIM statement 162
FF code 132
FGET function 164
FIF statement 162
file blocks 10
handle 67
files named 139
text 9
unnamed 139
filter low-pass 49
FIN function 68, 146
find input 68
output 68
finish loading 141
FINPUT statement 162
First Twelve Powers of Two
program 31
fixed-point calculations 13
flags status 122
flags:
break 122
carry 101, 108, 122
decimal mode 122
interrupt disable 122
negative 122
overflow 122
zero 106, 108, 122
flip/flops 111
FLOAD command 141
floating-point arrays 161
calculations 161
errors 205
extension 161
floating-point functions:
ABS 163
ACS 163
ASN 163
ATN 163
CDS 163
DEG 164
EXP 164
FGET 164
FLT 164
HTN 164
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LOG 164
PI 164
RAD 164
SGN 164
SIN 164
SQR 165
TAN 165
VAL 165
floating-point operators:
indirection (!) 165
integer (%) 165
power (^) 165
floating-point program examples
166
representation 162
floating-point statements:
FDIM 162
FIF 162
FINPUT 162
FPRINT 163
FPUT 163
FUNTIL 163
STR 163
floating-point variables 165
flowchart Guess a Number 30
puff pastry 20
sponge cake 18
symbols 21
flowcharts 17
actions in 21
counting in 19
decisions in 18
FLT function 164
FOR statement 33, 146
FOR...NEXT loop 33
graph plotting using 34
step size in 34
FOR...NEXT loops faster 76
format for graphics screeri 27
formfeed 132
forward references 107, 172
FOUT function 68, 146
FPRINT statement 163
FPUT statement 163
Fractional Multiplication program
178
free bytes for program 24
function abbreviations 73
functions string 58
trigonometrical 163
functions:
ABS 24, 143
BGET 68, 144
CH 59, 97, 144
COUNT 145
EXT 145
FIN 68, 146
FOUT 68, 146
GET 68, 147
LEN 59, 148
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PTR 151
RND 24, 152
FUNTIL statement 163
GCD algorithm 35
generating tone 25
GET function 68, 147
golden ratio 41
GOSUB statement 39, 135, 147
to labels 41
GOTO multi-way switch using 26
statement 25, 135, 147,
with label 25
graph plotting using FOR...NEXT
loop 34
graphics advanced 79
animated 85
colour 88
coordinates 27
examples 81
low-resolution 27
modes 79
origin 28
screen format for 27
graphics space 168, 169
graphics speed of 85
symbols 134
graphics symbols pr inting 65
graphics testing points in 87
greater-than (>) operator 29, 158
or equal (>=) operator 158
greater-than or equal
operator 29
Greatest Common Divisor program
35
Guess a Number flowchart 30
program 29
hardware faults 92
Harpsichord program 124
hash (#) symbol 96
hexadecimal (&) operator 14, 96,
158
(#) operator 14, 96, 157
characters plotting 84
notation 14, 96
printing in 14
to decimal conversion 96
high-fidelity equipment testing
116
high-order bit 112
histogram plot 69
Histogram program 46
home cursor 132
horizontal tab 132
HT code 132
HTN function 164
IF statement 148
IF...THEN statement 28
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immediate addressing 103, 118
in-line assembly 178
INC instruction 185
increment macro 178
index registers 107, 122
routine 125
Index Routine program 118
index X register 107, 122
Y register 107, 122
indexed addressing 117, 119
indirect addressing 120
jump 120
indirection (!) operator 165
input from cassette 68
INPUT statement 23, 58, 14B
input string 58
input/output parallel 169
ports 194
routines 191
inserting lines 7
instruction mnemonics 98, 181
instructions:
ADC 98, 181
AND 113, 182
ASL 115, 182
BCC 106, 182
BCS 106, 182
BEQ 106, 182
BIT 183
BNI 183
BNE 106, 183
BPL 183
BRK 174, 183
BVC 183
BVS 184
CLC 98, 184
CLD 184
CLI 184
CLV 184
CMP 109, 184
CPX 109, 184
CPY 109, 185
DEC 185
DEX 108, 185
DEY 10S, 185
EOR 113, 185
INC 185
INX 108, 186
INY 108, 186
JMP 105, 186
JSR 102, 186
LDA 98, 186
LDX 107, 186
LDY 107, 187
LSR 115, 187
NOP 187
ORA 113, 187
PHA 187
PHP 187
PLA 188
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PLP 188
ROL 116, 188
RTI 188
RTS 188
SBC 102, 189
SEC 102, 189
SED 189
SEI 189
STA 98, 189
STX 107, 189
STY 107, 190
TAX 109, 190
TAY 109, 190
TSX 190
TXA 110, 190
TXS 190
TYA 110, 190
integer (%) operator 165
interface printer 169
interrupt disable flag 122
vectors 193
interrupts 193
introduction 1
Invert String program 59
inverted characters 5, 131
letters 25
INX instruction 108, 186
INY instruction 108, 186
iteration in BASIC 31
iterative loop in assembler 108
JNP instruction 105, 186
JSB instruction 102, 186
jump indirect 120
jumps in assembler 105
keyboard 2, 5, 131
keys:
BREAK 6
COPY 133
CTRL 140
CTRL (control) 6, 194
DELETE 6
ESC 7, 24, 106
LOCK 5, 131
REPT (repeat) 6, 194
RETURN 6
screen editing 133
SHIFT 5, 131, 140, 194
labels a to z 25, 156
GOSUB to 41
in assembler 105, 171
language BASIC 11
LDA instruction 98, 186
LDX instruction 107, 186
LDY instruction 107, 187
learning program 70
least-significant bit 112
left-string extraction 61
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LEN function 59, 148
length of a string 59
less-than (<) operator 29, 158
or equal (<=) operator 158
less-than or equal (<=) operator
29
LET statement 74, 148
letters lower-case 5
LF code 132
line numbers 6
Linear Interpolation program 41
linefeed 132
lines deleting 7
drawing 28
inserting 7
multi-statement 14, 75
LINK statement 100, 149, 173
LIST command 7, 149
listing assembler 100, 171
load and execute file 141
LOAD command 9, 135, 139, 140,
149
loading finish 141
location counter (P) 92, 171
locations memory 95
LOCK key 5, 131
LOG function 164
logical errors 91
operations 15, 112
logical value false 31
true 31
logical variables 31
loop DO...UNTIL 34
FOR...NEXT 33
loops in assembler 108
in BASIC 33
mis-nested 36
nested 36
loss of accuracy 13
loudspeaker 114
low-order bit 112
low-pass filter 49
low-resolution graphics 27
lower text space 168
lower-case letters 5
LSR instruction 115, 187
machine-code executing 173
in BASIC 123
program 100
macro compare 178
increment 178
parameters 177
macros in assembler 177
manipulations string 59
mantissa 162
map memory 195
Mastermind game 126
matrices representation of 51
using vectors of vectors 56
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maximising execution speed 75
memory address 96
expansion 168
faults RAM 92
faults ROM 92
locations 95
memory locations changing 15, 97
examining 97
peeking 15
poking 15
memory map 195
screen 15
Memory Test program 92
memory testing 92
messages:
ERROR 8, 174
OUT OF RANGE 107
PLAY TAPE 9, 68, 140
RECORD TAPE 9, 68, 141
REWIND TAPE 10, 140
mid-string extraction 61
mis-nested loops 36
mnemonic assembler 171
mnemonics 181
instruction 98
modes addressing 118
graphics 79
MON command 141
money calculations with 13
most-significant bit 112
MOVE statement 28, 80, 149
multi-dimensional arrays 50
multi-statement lines 14, 75
multi-way switch using GOTO 26
multiply (*) operator 11, 158
music 113, 124
random 115
mystery quotation 60
NAK code 132
NAME error 10
named files 139
negative flag 122
nested loops 36
NEW command 7, 149
new line (') 156
printing 14
NEXT statement 33, 149
statement control variable in
75
noise generation 116
on screen 168
noise-free plotting 154
NOMON command 141
NOP instruction 187
not equal (<>) operator 29, 158
notation binary 111
hexadecimal 96
number-to-string conversion 163
numbers random 24
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numeric data reading 64
field width 156
OLD command 7
statement 150
ON ERROR GOTO equivalent 137
op code 98
operating system 131
operating-system calls 192
routines 191
vectors 193
operation code 98
operations logical 15, 112
operators:
add (+) 158
AND (&) 15, 158
assignment (=) 12
byte indirection (?) 53, 158
divide (/) 11, 158
equal (=) 29, 58, 158
exclusive-OR (:) 15, 158
greater-than (>) 29, 158
greater-than or equal (>=) 158
greater-than or equal (>=) 29
hexadecimal (&) 14, 96, 158
hexadecimal (#) 14, 96, 157
less-than (<) 29, 158
less-than or equal (<=) 158
less-than or equal (<=) 29
multiply (*) 11, 158
not equal (<>) 29, 158
OR \ 15, 158
pling (!) 156
query (?) 15, 53, 97
remainder (%) 11, 158
string ($) 57, 157
subtract (-) 11, 158
word indirection (!) 53, 156
OR \ operator 15, 158
connective 150
ORA instruction 113, 187
origin graphics 28
OSRDCH routine 102, 191
OSWRCH routine 102, 191
OUT OF RANGE message 107
output to cassette 67
overflow flag 122
page mode on/off 132
parallel input/output 169
parameters macro 177
PEEK statement equivalent 15
peeking memory locations 15
permitted addressing modes 181
permutation routine 52
perspective plottinq 83
PHA instruction 187
phi 41
PHP instruction 187
PI function 164
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pixels 27, 79, 134
PIA instruction 188
PLAY TAPE message 9, 68, 140
pling (!) operator 156
plot clock 87
histoqram 69
Plot Histogram from Cassette
program 69
PLOT statement 79, 150
Plotting Hex Characters program
84
plotting hexadecimal characters
84
in l3ASIC 87
noise-free 154
perspective 83
points 28
three-dimensional 83, 166
PLP instruction 188
point-plotting routine 88
points plotting 28
POKE statement equivalent 15
poking memory locations 15
to screen 16
port writing to 170
ports input/output 194
post-indexed indirect addressing
121
power (^) operator 165
Powers of Numbers program 36
of Two program 31, 48
pre-indexed indirect addressing
121
prime Numbers program 54
print Hex Digits program 176
Inverted String program 117
Registers on BRK program 174
PRINT statement 11, 150
statement comma in 12, 75
statement quotes in 12
print-field size (@) 13
printer end 131
interface 169
start 131
printing a character in assembler
102
graphics symbols 65
in hexadecimal 14
new line 14
special characters 64
str ing s 12, 58
the alphabet in assembler 110
prize 60
problem eight queens 44
processor 6520 98
program assembler 99
counter PC register 122
machine-code 100
planning a 17
programming service 93
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programs abbreviating 73
programs:
Animals 70
Arbitrary Precision Powers 55
Bleep 114
Block Move 178
Bulls & Cows 127
Calculator 137
Chequebook-Balancing 39
Clock 85
CRC Signature 93
Cubic Curve 32
Curve Stitching in a Square 34
Cycloid 166
Data to Cassette 68
Day of Week 62
Dice Tossing 27
Digital Clock 37
Digital Waveform Processing 48
Eight Queens 44
Encoder/Decoder 60
Farenheit to Celsius 23
First Twelve Powers of Two 31
Fractional Multiplication 178
Greatest Common Divisor 35
Guess a Number 29
Harpsichord 124
Histogram 46
Index Routine 118
Invert String 59
Linear Interpolation 41
Memory Test 92
Plot Histogram from Cassette 69
Plotting Hex Characters 84
Powers of Numbers 36
Powers of Two 31, 48
Prime Numbers 54
Pr int Hex Dig its 176
Print Inverted String 117
Print Registers on BRK 174
Random Coloured Lines 168
Random Noise 116
Random Rectangles 80
Random Walk 65
Reaction Timer 37
Renumber 136
Replace 123
Roman Numerals 123
Rotating Rectangle 28
Saddle Curve 166
Sierpinski Curve 81
Simultaneous Equations 51
Sine and Tangent 166
Sorting 47
Square Root 35
Three-Dimensional Plotting 83
Tower of Hanoi 42
322 Hz 26
4-Colour Plot 88
prompt 3
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pseudo-random sequence 116
PTR function 151
puff pastry recipe 19
PUT statement 67, 151
query (?) operator 15, 53, 97
quotation mystery 60
quoted strings 57
quotes in PRINT statement 12
RAD function 164
RAM block zero 168
memory faults 92
Random Coloured Lines program 168
random delay 38
music 115
Random Noise program 116
random number seed 152
numbers 24
Random Rectangles program 80
walk program 65
Reaction Timer program 37
READ equivalent 63
reading and writing data from
BASIC 67
and writing speed of 70
numeric data 64
text 63
recipe analogy 17
apple tart 20
puff pastry 19
sponge cake 17
recipes subroutines in 20
RECORD TAPE message 9, 68, 141
recursion in BASIC 42
recursive subroutine calls 42
references backward 172
forward 172
registers index 107
registers:
accumulator A 122
index X 107, 122
index Y 107, 122
program counter PC 122
stack pointer SP 122
status S 122
relational expression 143
operators 29
REM statement 24, 152
remainder (%) operator 11, 158
Renumber program 136
renumbering programs 136
using screen memory 136
Replace program 123
representation of matrices 51
REPT (repeat) key 6, 194
reset 6
return 132, 155
character 59
RETURN key 6
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statement 39, 152
REWIND TAPE message 10, 140
right-string extraction 61
RND function 24, 152
ROL instruction 116, 188
ROM extension 161
memory faults 92
Roman Numerals program 123
root of equation 41
ROR instruction 116, 188
rotate instructions 115
Rotating Rectangle program 28
rounding 13
routines in different text spaces
135
input/output 191
operating-system 191
routines:
OSRDCH 102, 191
OSWRCH 102, 191
RS code 132
RTI instruction 188
RTS instruction 188
RUN command 141
statement 23, 135, 152
Saddle Curve program 166
SAVE command 139, 140
statement 9, 135, 139, 152
saving data on cassette 68
programs or text on tape 8
SBC instruction 102, 189
screen clear 6
control codes 65
editing 132
editing keys 133
end 132
format for graphics 27
mapping 134
memory 15
memory renumbering using 136
noise on 168
poking to 16
scrolling 6
start 131
scrolling screen 6
SEC instruction 102, 189
SED instruction 189
seed random number 152
SEI instruction 189
separator space as 155
service programming 93
SGET statement 68, 152
SGN function 164
Shell sort 47
shift instructions 115
SHIFT key 5, 131, 140, 194
SHUT statement 152
SI code 132
Sierpinski Curve program 81
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signal sync 194
signals cassette-interface 194
Simultaneous Equations program 51
simultaneous equations solving 51
SIN function 164
Sine and Tangent program 166
SO code 132
solving simultaneous equations 51
sort Shell 47
Sorting program 47
space as separator 155
spaces in BASIC programs 74
special characters printing 64
speed of graphics 85
of reading and writing 70
sponge cake flowchart 18
recipe 17
SPUT statement 67, 153
SQR function 165
Square Root program 35
STA instruction 98, 189
stack pointer SP register 122
statement abbreviations 73
delimiter 14
terminator (;) 156
statements:
BPUT 67, 144
CLEAR 28, 79, 144, 167
COLOUR 167
DIM 45, 57, 145
DO 145
DRAW 28, 80, 145
END 145
FOR 33, 146
GOSUB 39, 135, 147
GOTO 25, 135, 147
IF 148
IF...THEN 2S
INPUT 23, 58, 148
LET 74, 148
LINK 100, 149, 173
MOVE 28, 80, 149
NEXT 33, 149
QlD 150
PLOT 79, 150
PRINT 11, 150
PUT 67, 151
REM 24, 152
RETURN 39, 152
RUN 23, 135, 152
SAVE 9, 135, 139, 152
SGET 68, 152
SeUT 152
SPUT 67, 153
UNTIL 153
WAIT 37, 153
status flags 122
S reg ister 122
status-reg ister flags 181
STEP connective 34, 153
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step size in FOR...NEXT loop 34
stopping a BASIC program 24
stored text executing 23
storing text 6
STR statement 163
string ($) operator 57, 157
assignment 58
equality 58
functions 58
input 58
length of a 59
manipulations 59
string right 143
string variables 57
string-to-number conversion 165
strings arrays of 62, 63
concatenation of 61
dimensioning 57
in BASIC 57
printing 12, 58
quoted 57
STX code 131
instruction 107, 189
STY instruction 107, 190
subroutines in BASIC 39
in recipes 20
uses of 40
subscript checking for arrays 50
substrings 61
subtract (-) operator 11, 158
subtraction in assembler 102
successive approximation 35
SUM error 10
suppressing assembly listing 173
switch using GOTO multi-way 26
switches in BASIC 26
symbols flowchart 21
sync signal 194
syntax definition 199
errors 91
TAB equivalent 145
TAN function 165
tape errors 10
saving programs or text on 8
TAX instruction 109, 190
TAY instruction 109, 190
teletype mode l31
temperature conversion 23
testable expression 143
testing high-fidelity equipment
116
memory 92
points in graphics 87
text editing 7
files 9
text space lower 168
upper 168
text spaces changing 135
routines in different 135
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text storing 6
text-space pointer 135
three-dimensional curve 84
plotting 83, 166
Three-Dimensional Plotting
program 83
timing BASIC lines 170
in BASIC 37
TO connective 153
tone generating 25
TOP function 24, 153
Tower of Hanoi program 42
trapping errors 137
trigonometrical functions 163
true logical value 31
TSX instruction 190
turn on/off cursor 16
two-pass assembly 172
TXA instruction 110, 190
TXS instruction 190
TYA instruction 110, 190
typewriter mode 131
unitialised variables 91
unnamed files 139
UNTIL statement 153
upper text space 168
VAL function 165
variables A to Z 12
floating-point 165
logical 31
string 57
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unitialised 91
VDU 133
vectors call by reference using
54
in BASIC 45
interrupt 193
of vectors 56
operating-system 193
versatile interface adapter 169
vertical tab 132
VIA 169
timers 170
visual display unit 133
VT code 132
WAIT statement 37, 153
what to do if baffled 91
word indirection (!) operator 53,
156
word vectors 53
writing a BASIC program 23
to port 170
zero flag 106, 108, 122
zero-page addressing 119
zero,X addressing 120
zero,Y addressing 120
322 Hz program 26
4-Colour Plot program 88
6520 processor 98
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